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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Continuous-wave Thulium Laser for Heating Cultured Cells to Investigate Cellular Thermal Effects
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Thulium Fiber Laser: Long Pulse Width as an Independent Risk Factor for Excessive Heat Generation.

Eric C Riedinger1, Mohammad Mohaghegh2, Vyacheslav Leshchenko3

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

Journal of Endourology
|September 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Extending the pulse duration of diode-pumped thulium fiber lasers (TFLs) beyond the thermal relaxation time increases nonspecific heat generation. This finding is crucial for optimizing laser dosimetry and reducing risks during stone treatment.

Keywords:
heatlasertemperaturethulium fiber laser

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Laser Physics

Background:

  • Diode-pumped thulium fiber lasers (TFLs) are used in procedures like stone treatment to minimize retropulsion.
  • Increasing pulse energy in TFLs involves lengthening pulse width, which may increase thermal diffusion and off-target heating.
  • The study investigates whether TFL pulse durations exceeding thermal relaxation time independently elevate nonspecific heat generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that extending TFL pulse duration beyond thermal relaxation time poses an independent risk for increased nonspecific heat generation.
  • To quantify the temperature increase associated with different TFL pulse durations at identical dosimetries.

Main Methods:

  • A two-dimensional numerical simulation of TFL thermal confinement was employed.
  • Measurements of energy output and pulse duration for the SOLTIVE Premium-SuperPulsed TFL were conducted.
  • In vitro temperature increases were compared using identical laser dosimetries (1.5 J at 20 Hz for 300 seconds) with short (3.1 ms) versus long (11.8 ms) pulse durations.

Main Results:

  • The calculated TFL thermal confinement time was 11.4 ms.
  • Longer pulse durations (11.8 ms) resulted in significantly higher maximum temperatures (79.6°C) compared to shorter durations (71.8°C) (p = 0.002).
  • Temperature increased with total energy for both short and long pulse settings.

Conclusions:

  • TFL pulse duration exceeding the thermal relaxation time presents an independent risk for increased nonspecific heat generation.
  • Optimizing laser dosimetry by considering pulse duration relative to thermal relaxation time is essential for patient safety.