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Updated: Aug 12, 2026

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos
Published on: March 26, 2014
Allotransplantation of the face: how close are we?
Maria Siemionow1, Galip Agaoglu
1Department of Plastic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. siemiom@ccf.org
Abstract:
Reconstruction of patients with severe facial disfigurements due to burns, trauma, or cancer is a challenging task for plastic surgeons. Currently, available reconstructive options rarely result in satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes. In this article the authors present the rationale and experimental basis for the introduction of composite facial allograft transplantation in humans. They outline the ethical, social, and media-related issues in facial allograft transplantation.
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