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Updated: Aug 17, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
Published on: May 2, 2025
'Bipolarity' in bipolar disorder: distribution of manic and depressive symptoms in a treated population
Mark S Bauer1, Gregory E Simon, Evette Ludman
1VAMC-116R, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908-4799, USA. mark_bauer@brown.edu
Abstract:
Cross-sectional analysis of 441 individuals with bipolar disorder treated at a US health maintenance organisation investigated the distribution of manic and depressive symptomsin that illness. Clinically significant depressive symptoms occurred in 94.1% of those with (hypo)mania, while 70.1% in a depressive episode had clinically significant manic symptoms. DSM-unrecognised depression-plus-hypomania was over twice as prevalent as DSM-recognised mixed episodes. Depressive symptoms were unimodally distributed in (hypo)mania. Depressive and manic symptoms were positively, not inversely, correlated, and their co-occurrence was associated with worse quality of life. Implications for the DSM and ICD nosological systems are discussed.
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