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Functional electrical stimulation for neuromuscular applications.

P Hunter Peckham1, Jayme S Knutson

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. pxp2@case.edu

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
|July 12, 2005
PubMed
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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) uses electrical currents to make paralyzed muscles contract, restoring function. Decades of research have advanced FES systems for various applications, with future innovations promising integrated, adaptable neuroprostheses.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • Paralyzed or paretic muscles can be activated via electrical stimulation of peripheral motor nerves.
  • Functional electrical stimulation (FES) coordinates these electrically elicited muscle contractions to restore function.
  • Over 40 years of research have established safety principles and modulation methods for neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles, methods, and applications of functional electrical stimulation (FES).
  • To highlight the development and commercialization of FES neuroprostheses.
  • To discuss future technological advancements in FES systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established principles for safe neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of discovered methods for modulating electrically induced muscle contractions.
  • Survey of developed FES systems for upper/lower extremities, bladder/bowel, and respiratory function.

    • Main Results:

    • FES principles for safe stimulation and contraction modulation are well-established.
    • FES systems have been developed and commercialized for various functional restorations.
    • Current FES technology exists in commercial products and clinical research settings.

    Conclusions:

    • FES is a viable technique for restoring function in paralyzed individuals.
    • Technological advancements are driving the development of next-generation, integrated FES systems.
    • Future FES systems are expected to be wireless, expandable, upgradable, and controlled by diverse biological signals.