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Updated: Aug 17, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
Published on: June 12, 2020
Teaching children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic disorder (AD) how to swallow
Melissa H Beck1, Marilyn Cataldo, Keith J Slifer
1Kennedy Krieger Institute and The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Abstract:
One barrier to medication adherence in pediatric populations is difficulty swallowing pills. Some children may not have prerequisite skills for pill swallowing, while others may have developed conditioned anxiety from repeated negative experiences. Eight children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autistic disorder participated in behavioral training to increase cooperation with pill swallowing. A pill-swallowing protocol was utilized during practice sessions with placebo "pills" of increasing size to implement systematic desensitization. Seven of the 8 children swallowed medication with a therapist. Six of the 8 children maintained treatment gains over time. Interventions used to succeed with these children are presented along with methods to reduce conditioned behavioral distress.
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