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Updated: Aug 16, 2026

Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model
Published on: June 11, 2017
Three-dimensional description of ligamentous attachments around the lunate
Soya Nagao1, Rita M Patterson, William L Buford
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Purpose:
To detail the location and area of specific ligament attachments on the 3-dimensional (3-D) surface morphology of the individual carpal bones.
Methods:
We describe the attachment regions of both extrinsic and intrinsic intercarpal ligaments by using a combination of detailed dissection, computed tomography imaging, and a 3-D digitization technique and provide detailed information about ligament attachments around the lunate.
Results:
The length, width, and thickness of each ligament are described in millimeters and its area of attachment is given in square millimeters and as a percentage of the bone surface and/or total ligament attachment area. The attachment sites of the ligaments also are shown visually on 3-D images of the bones.
Conclusions:
This study improves the knowledge and understanding of carpal ligament anatomy, which can result in better intraoperative assessment of ligament integrity/disruption and allow more accurate and anatomic repair, reattachment, and/or reconstruction of carpal ligaments for the treatment of carpal instability.
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