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Updated: Aug 16, 2026

A Modeling and Simulation Method for Preliminary Design of an Electro-Variable Displacement Pump
Published on: June 1, 2022
Cycle-averaged dynamics of a periodically driven, closed-loop circulation model
T Heldt1, J L Chang, J J S Chen
1Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. thomas@mit.edu
Abstract:
Time-varying elastance models have been used extensively in the past to simulate the pulsatile nature of cardiovascular waveforms. Frequently, however, one is interested in dynamics that occur over longer time scales, in which case a detailed simulation of each cardiac contraction becomes computationally burdensome. In this paper, we apply circuit-averaging techniques to a periodically driven, closed-loop, three-compartment recirculation model. The resultant cycle-averaged model is linear and time invariant, and greatly reduces the computational burden. It is also amenable to systematic order reduction methods that lead to further efficiencies. Despite its simplicity, the averaged model captures the dynamics relevant to the representation of a range of cardiovascular reflex mechanisms.
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