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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

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Published on: April 15, 2015

Neural dynamics of error processing in medial frontal cortex.

Rogier B Mars1, Michael G H Coles, Meike J Grol

  • 1F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. rogier.mars@fcdonders.ru.nl

Neuroimage
|August 2, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

During associative learning, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) shifts its response timing. Initially, it processes external error feedback, then transitions to internal error detection as behavior becomes learned.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Behavioral Psychology

Background:

  • Adaptive behavior relies on evaluating action outcomes to refine future responses.
  • During associative learning, the timing of evaluative feedback changes from external cues to internal states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the learning-dependent temporal dynamics of neural activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
  • To determine if the ACC exhibits a shift in processing error signals during associative learning.

Main Methods:

  • Functional neuroimaging techniques were employed to monitor brain activity during an associative learning task.
  • Analysis focused on the timing of neural activation in the rostral cingulate zone (RCZ) of the ACC and the pre-supplementary motor area (SMA).

Main Results:

  • A significant learning-dependent shift in RCZ activation was observed, moving from external error feedback to internal error detection.
  • This temporal shift in neural processing was specific to the ACC and not observed in the SMA.
  • The observed dynamics support the role of the RCZ in action outcome evaluation and response selection.

Conclusions:

  • The anterior cingulate cortex dynamically adjusts its processing of evaluative information during learning.
  • This neural plasticity in the ACC is crucial for selecting appropriate actions based on expected outcomes.
  • The findings highlight the ACC's role in integrating feedback to guide adaptive behavior.