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Biofilms and antimicrobial resistance.

Robin Patel1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, the Department of Internal Medicine, the Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. patel.robin@mayo.edu

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|August 2, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Microorganisms in biofilms cause orthopaedic infections and exhibit antimicrobial resistance. This resistance is multifactorial, involving nutrient depletion, phenotypic changes, and specific genes, necessitating new testing and treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic infections
  • Microbiology
  • Antimicrobial resistance

Background:

  • Biofilms play a key role in the pathogenesis of orthopaedic infections.
  • Understanding biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the mechanisms of biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance.
  • To review factors contributing to increased resistance in biofilms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating biofilm antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of factors including physical barriers, nutrient depletion, phenotypic changes, and genetic factors.

Main Results:

  • Antimicrobial resistance in biofilms increases with age, starting at the attachment phase.

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  • Physical restriction by the extracellular matrix is not the primary resistance mechanism.
  • Nutrient/oxygen depletion, stationary growth states, phenotypic differentiation, and biofilm-specific resistance genes contribute to resistance.

    • Conclusions:

    • Biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance is multifactorial and organism-dependent.
    • New susceptibility testing methods are needed for orthopaedic infections.
    • Novel approaches are being developed to overcome biofilm resistance.