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Related Concept Videos

The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Electromagnetic Waves

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James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws...
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IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Continuous-Wave Propagation Channel-Sounding Measurement System - Testing, Verification, and Measurements
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Frequencies for radio astronomy.

F G Smith1

  • 1Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, Cheshire.

Nature
|October 31, 1970
PubMed
Summary

Radio astronomy research is currently limited by shared frequency allocations. Astronomers hope upcoming International Telecommunications Union reviews will improve radio spectrum access for scientific discovery.

Area of Science:

  • Radio astronomy
  • Spectrum management

Background:

  • Current radio astronomy research is constrained by limited frequency allocations.
  • Some essential radio astronomy frequencies are shared with other telecommunication services, causing interference and limiting research scope.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the impact of frequency allocation on radio astronomy research.
  • To express the astronomical community's anticipation for improved spectrum access.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current frequency allocation challenges in radio astronomy.
  • Monitoring of upcoming International Telecommunications Union (ITU) frequency reviews.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant limitations on radio astronomy research due to shared frequency bands.

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  • Observed a critical juncture with the upcoming ITU frequency allocation review.

    • Conclusions:

    • Frequency allocation is a critical factor limiting radio astronomy's potential.
    • Astronomers are hopeful that the forthcoming ITU review will result in more favorable spectrum allocations, enabling advancements in the field.