Atmospheric pressure photoionization for enhanced compatibility in on-line micellar electrokinetic...

Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is presented as a novel means for the combination of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The on-line coupling is achieved using an adapted sheath flow interface installed on an orthogonal APPI source. Acetone or toluene is added as dopant to the sheath liquid to enhance analyte photoionization. It is demonstrated that with APPI signal suppression and interferences by the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonvolatile buffers can be circumvented. This implies that MEKC conditions can be selected independently from MS detection. Moreover, it is shown that both polar and apolar compounds can be photoionized, thereby also facilitating the analysis of compounds that are not amenable to electrospray ionization. Consequently, the MEKC-APPI-MS system can provide effective separation and detection of compounds of diverse character in one run using background electrolytes containing up to 50 mM SDS. Concentration limits of detection derived from extracted-ion traces (full scan mode) of test compounds were approximately 1 microg/mL, and the detection sensitivity remained unaffected during 1 day of continuous use. Overall, the system features are very favorable for applications such as drug impurity profiling as is illustrated by the analysis of mebeverine and related compounds (both charged and neutral) at the 0.25% (w/w) level.