Understanding and management of amniotic fluid embolism

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare obstetric problem characterized by sudden onset of hypotension, hypoxemia, and coagulopathy. This case represents the difficulty in differentiating AFE from other etiologies of cardiopulmonary compromise. The definitive diagnosis of AFE is made at autopsy with the demonstration of fetal cell elements in the pulmonary vasculature. Diagnosis can be highly suspected if squamous cells and other debris of presumed fetal origin are demonstrated in blood aspirated from the central venous or pulmonary artery circulation of symptomatic parturients. Predisposing factors for AFE include advanced maternal age, multiparity, large fetal size, and short tumultuous labor, especially if uterine stimulants are used. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the key to the treatment of parturients with AFE. A pulmonary artery catheter can be helpful in diagnosis and hemodynamic management of parturients with AFE.