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Related Concept Videos

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
Increased Body Temperature01:25

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in response to an infection or illness.
Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...
Burn Injuries01:22

Burn Injuries

Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can vary in severity, from minor superficial burns to severe deep burns that can be life-threatening.
The damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and renal and circulatory failure follow, which can be fatal. Burn patients are treated with intravenous fluids to offset...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Burn Injury-Induced Pain and Depression-Like Behavior in Mice
07:08

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Published on: September 29, 2021

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever.

M K Bhan1, Rajiv Bahl, Shinjini Bhatnagar

  • 1All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. mkbhan@dbt.nic.in

Lancet (London, England)
|August 30, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Typhoid fever causes millions of illnesses and deaths globally. Emerging antibiotic resistance necessitates updated diagnostics, treatments, and emphasizes the importance of safe water, sanitation, and vaccines.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Typhoid fever caused 21.6 million illnesses and 216,500 deaths in 2000.
  • Paratyphoid fever occurs at a ratio of 1:4 compared to typhoid fever.
  • Increasing multidrug-resistant strains and fluoroquinolone resistance are significant global concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the challenges of fluoroquinolone treatment failures despite in vitro sensitivity.
  • To review advancements in understanding typhoid's molecular pathogenesis.
  • To explore new diagnostic and therapeutic targets and review current guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on typhoid fever epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance.
  • Analysis of molecular pathogenesis, genomic, and proteomic studies.

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  • Evaluation of diagnostic test guidelines and antimicrobial selection strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Poor clinical response to fluoroquinolones can occur even with sensitive strains.
    • Genomic and proteomic research offers potential for novel diagnostic and treatment approaches.
    • Safe water, sanitation, and immunization are critical interventions, especially with rising antibiotic resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • Routine immunization with Vi or Ty21a vaccines is recommended for endemic areas, particularly for school-aged children.
    • Vi vaccine use is advised for 2-5 year olds in highly endemic settings.
    • Integrated strategies including public health measures and vaccination are essential for typhoid control.