Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode
10:41

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Published on: May 31, 2018

Design and synthesis of a thermally stable organic electride

Mikhail Y Redko1, James E Jackson, Rui H Huang

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 1, 2005
PubMed

More Related Videos

Development of Efficient OLEDs from Solution Deposition07:09

Development of Efficient OLEDs from Solution Deposition

Published on: November 4, 2022

Step-by-Step Guide for Harnessing Organic Light Emitting Diodes by Solution Processed Device Fabrication of a TADF Emitter06:25

Step-by-Step Guide for Harnessing Organic Light Emitting Diodes by Solution Processed Device Fabrication of a TADF Emitter

Published on: November 7, 2025

Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
Stability of Conjugated Dienes01:28

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.