Morphological changes in long bone development in fetal akinesia deformation sequence: an experimental study in...

In order to investigate the transverse growth of the long bones during intrauterine development in the fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS), we studied curarized rat fetuses. Curarization was performed by daily subcutaneous administration of D-Tubocurarine from day 17 of gestation until term. Experimental fetuses were compared with a sham-operated control group. The total area and perimeter, the absolute and relative amount of periosteum and bone trabeculae, the major and minor axes, and the elongation factor were measured from histological cross-sections of the femoral metaphysis and diaphysis using an IBAS 1 image analysis system. Curarized rat fetuses showed growth retardation, a short umbilical cord, and multiple articular contractures, a phenotype consistent with FADS. Alterations in femoral shape and transverse growth that affected the diaphysis were noted in these fetuses. These included a decrease of total cross-section area and reduction of the absolute and relative amounts of bone trabeculae with marked thinning of the periosteum. Femoral cross-sections was rounder than controls. These results evidenced an impairment of the membraneous (periosteal) ossification of long bones produced by immobilization and/or decrease of muscular strength, and support our previous clinical findings of bone hypoplasia and osteopenia in FADS.