Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 15, 2026
Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
Published on: July 1, 2014
Decreased anterior cingulate volume in combat-related PTSD
Steven H Woodward1, Danny G Kaloupek, Chris C Streeter
1Clinical Laboratory and Education Division and Psychology Service, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA. steve.woodward@med.va.gov
Background:
Neuroanatomical data point to functional relationships between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and subcortical centers regulating fear, in particular, the amygdala. Functional brain imaging has disclosed divergent patterns of ACC activation in persons with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, two preliminary structural imaging studies have found evidence of smaller ACC volume in PTSD. We explored associations between PTSD and ACC volume in a relatively large sample of adult combat veterans in which PTSD, lifetime alcohol abuse/dependence, and Vietnam versus Gulf War service were crossed.
Methods:
Subjects were US military combat veterans of the Vietnam and Gulf Wars recruited from two metropolitan areas served by allied Department of Veterans Affairs PTSD treatment/research centers. Anterior cingulate cortex volume was analyzed as a function of grouping factors with and without adjustment for body size.
Results:
Posttraumatic stress disorder was associated with smaller anterior cingulate cortex volume. This effect persisted in subjects without histories of alcoholism, did not interact with cohort effects, and was not modified by adjustment for body size.
Conclusions:
Anterior cingulate cortex volume is substantially smaller in association with combat-related PTSD, a finding broadly consistent with cingulate hypofunctionality in that disorder.
