A simple and practical method to acquire geometrically correct images with resonant scanning-based line scanning in a...

Most currently available confocal or two-photon laser scanning microscopes (LSMs) allow acquisition rates of the order of 1-5 images s(-1), which is too slow to fully resolve dynamic changes in intracellular messenger concentration in living cells or tissues. Several technologies exist to obtain faster imaging rates, either in the video-rate range (30 images s(-1)) or beyond, but the most versatile technology available today is based on resonant scanners for horizontal line scanning. These scanning devices have several advantages over designs based on acousto-optical deflectors or Nipkow discs, but a drawback is that the scanning pattern is not a linear but rather a sinusoidal function of time. This puts additional constraints on the hardware necessary to read-in the image data flow, one of which is the generation of a pixel clock that varies in frequency with the position of the pixel on the scanned line. We describe a practical solution to obtain a variable pixel clock add-on that is easy to build and is easy to integrate into a custom-built LSM based on resonant scanning technology. In addition, we discuss some important hardware and software design aspects that simplify the construction of a resonant scanning-based LSM for high-speed, high-resolution imaging. Finally, we demonstrate that the microscope can be used to resolve calcium puffs triggered by photolytically increasing the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate.