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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
What is an Ecosystem?01:17

What is an Ecosystem?

Overview
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Genetic Material01:20

Genetic Material

Within the human body, a complex and detailed system of trillions of cells works in unison to sustain life. Each cell houses a nucleus, which contains 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs. Chromosomes are highly coiled structures made of the genetic material DNA. These chromosomes are essential carriers of genetic information, with half inherited from the mother through her egg and the other half from the father's sperm, combining to create the unique genetic makeup of an individual.
Nucleoid01:24

Nucleoid

The nucleoid represents a structurally and functionally distinct region within prokaryotic cells, where the cell's DNA and associated proteins are housed. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and the nucleoid facilitates the organization and accessibility of the genetic material within this constraint. The DNA in most bacteria and archaea exists as a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is highly compacted through supercoiling and interactions with...
Deep Sea Microbial Ecology01:18

Deep Sea Microbial Ecology

The deep ocean and its underlying sediments represent vast, largely unexplored microbial habitats that extend far beyond the sunlit photic zone. The photic (euphotic) zone typically spans the upper ~100–200 meters of pelagic waters in the open ocean, but its depth varies geographically and seasonally, where sufficient light supports photosynthetic life. Below this lies the deep sea, spanning roughly 1000–6000 meters (bathypelagic to abyssal zones), with deeper hadal trenches extending beyond...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli
10:38

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

Published on: November 30, 2018

Extracellular DNA plays a key role in deep-sea ecosystem functioning.

Antonio Dell'Anno1, Roberto Danovaro

  • 1Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 1, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular DNA in deep-sea sediments is the largest DNA reservoir globally. This DNA is crucial for oceanic phosphorus cycling and prokaryotic nutrition, impacting deep-sea ecosystems worldwide.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Biogeochemistry
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • The ecological significance of extracellular DNA (eDNA) in marine sediments remains largely unexplored.
  • Understanding eDNA's role is critical for comprehending deep-sea biogeochemical cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the global abundance of eDNA in deep-sea sediments.
  • To determine the contribution of eDNA to organic phosphorus regeneration and prokaryotic demand in marine environments.

Main Methods:

  • Global estimation of eDNA quantities in the top 10 cm of deep-sea sediments.
  • Quantification of eDNA's contribution to total organic phosphorus regeneration.
  • Assessment of eDNA's role in meeting prokaryotic organic phosphorus requirements.

Main Results:

  • Deep-sea sediments contain up to 0.45 gigatons of eDNA, representing the largest known oceanic DNA reservoir.
  • eDNA accounts for approximately one-fifth of total organic phosphorus regeneration globally.
  • eDNA supplies nearly half of the organic phosphorus required by deep-sea prokaryotes.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular DNA is a major component of deep-sea sediment ecosystems.
  • eDNA plays a vital role in global marine phosphorus cycling.
  • eDNA is essential for the functioning of deep-sea prokaryotic communities and overall ecosystem health.