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Paediatric eosinophilic oesophagitis: towards early diagnosis and best treatment
P De Angelis1, J E Markowitz, F Torroni
1Digestive Surgery and Endoscopic Unit, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesu, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, IRCCS, 00189 Rome, Italy. paola.deangelis@opbg.net
Insights
Eosinophilic esophagitis in children can be managed with diet and steroids, leading to symptom resolution and normal histology in most cases. Early diagnosis via endoscopy and biopsy is crucial to prevent complications like esophageal stricture.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Gastroenterology
- Allergy and Immunology
- Gastroenterology
Background:
- Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging allergic inflammatory disease affecting the esophagus, prevalent in children.
- It is often triggered by IgE and non-IgE mediated food allergies, with esophageal stenosis as a severe complication.
- Identifying causative allergens and managing EoE requires specialized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Purpose of the Study:
- To report the clinical outcomes and endoscopic findings in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis.
- To propose a diagnostic and treatment protocol for eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adolescents.
Main Methods:
- Histologically confirmed eosinophilic esophagitis in twelve pediatric patients.
- Diagnostic workup included upper gastro-intestinal series, 24-hour pH monitoring, and allergy testing.
- Treatment involved corticosteroids (oral prednisone, inhaled fluticasone) and elimination diets; dilations were used for diagnosed or resistant cases.
Main Results:
- Seven out of ten patients achieved symptom resolution and normal histology after treatment.
- Five patients responded to a restricted diet (cow's milk protein exclusion), and two to an elemental diet.
- Two patients with persistent dysphagia and eosinophilic infiltration had no identified allergens; one underwent Nissen fundoplication for Barrett's esophagus.
Conclusions:
- Early diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis in children, using endoscopic and biopsy findings, is vital to prevent complications such as strictures and growth failure.
- Elimination diet is a key therapeutic strategy when specific allergens are identified.
- The relationship between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis requires further investigation.
Unlabelled:
Eosinophilic oesophagitis is an emerging disease, well known also in paediatric age, probably caused by both IgE and non-IgE mediated food allergies, diagnosed by upper endoscopy with biopsy. The most severe complication is oesophageal stenosis. The identification of the offending allergens is often difficult; therapy is focused to eliminate the supposed antigenic stimulus, to control the acute symptoms and to induce long-term remission.
Aim:
We report the clinical outcome and the typical endoscopic findings of children and adolescents affected by eosinophilic oesophagitis, referring a proposal of diagnostic and treatment protocol.
Patients And Methods:
Twelve patients, affected by eosinophilic oesophagitis with a histological diagnosis, underwent radiographic upper gastro-intestinal series, 24 h pH-probe and standardised allergic testing; they were treated with steroids (oral prednisone and swallowed aerosolised fluticasone) and elimination diet. Dilations were performed when eosinophilic oesophagitis was not yet diagnosed, or in patients resistant to conventional treatment.
Results:
Two patients were lost to follow up (mean follow up: 1 year 11 months); seven patients have no symptoms and normal histology, five of them on restricted diet (without cow's milk protein) and two patients on elemental diet (amino acid formula). In two patients (no allergens identified), mild dysphagia and eosinophilic infiltration persist; one patients underwent Nissen fundoplication for Barrett's oesophagus: he has no symptoms and normal oesophagus, on restricted diet (without cow's milk/eggs protein and wheat).
Conclusion:
The recognition of typical endoscopic picture with careful biopsies extended to the whole oesophagus, even in emergency, could more quickly lead to the correct diagnosis and avoid severe complications of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children, as stricture and failure to growth. Elimination diet is the key of resolution when the allergens are identified. A great challenge remains the relation between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic oesophagitis, which should however be explained.
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