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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

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The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Centrosomes in cellular regulation.

Stephen Doxsey1, Dannel McCollum, William Theurkauf

  • 1Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. stephen.doxsey@umassmed.edu

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
|October 11, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), including centrosomes, are vital for cell division and structure. Recent research reveals their crucial roles in cellular regulation, stress response, and signaling pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Organelle Biology

Background:

  • Centrosomes and spindle pole bodies are diverse organelles known as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs).
  • MTOCs are essential for organizing mitotic spindles, forming primary cilia, cytokinesis, and cell cycle duplication.
  • These structures bind over 100 regulatory proteins, hinting at broad cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging roles of MTOCs beyond microtubule organization.
  • To highlight the newly discovered regulatory functions of MTOCs in cellular processes.
  • To focus on the connection between MTOCs and cellular regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Analysis of protein-binding data associated with centrosomes.
  • Synthesis of findings on MTOC involvement in cellular regulation.

Main Results:

  • MTOCs are implicated in critical regulatory functions, including cell cycle transitions.
  • MTOCs play a role in cellular responses to various forms of stress.
  • MTOCs are involved in the organization of intracellular signal transduction pathways.

Conclusions:

  • MTOCs possess previously unappreciated functions in cellular regulation.
  • Understanding these new roles of MTOCs opens avenues for significant scientific discovery.
  • Further research into MTOCs promises exciting insights into cell biology.