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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are the primary cell cycle regulators and function at the cell...

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Analysis of telomere length in Dolly, a sheep derived by nuclear transfer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Nuclear equivalence, nuclear transfer, and the cell cycle.

K H Campbell1

  • 1PPL Therapeutics, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. kcampbel@ppl-therapeutics.com

Cloning
|October 13, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian nuclear transfer has advanced significantly, enabling the production of cloned animals from differentiated cells. This technology, demonstrated with sheep and cattle, offers new possibilities in reproductive biology.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nuclear transfer techniques have evolved over two decades.
  • Early methods involved pronuclei swapping and early embryo donors.
  • Significant advancements include using differentiated cells and adult somatic cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of mammalian nuclear transfer.
  • To discuss the biological background of successful nuclear transfer.
  • To highlight key milestones in mammalian cloning.

Main Methods:

  • Nuclear transfer using cultured differentiated cells.
  • Nuclear transfer using adult-derived somatic cells.
  • Reproduction of techniques in sheep and cattle.

More Related Videos

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
12:02

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
08:33

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 25, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
12:02

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
08:33

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

Main Results:

  • Successful production of cloned lambs (Megan and Morag) from differentiated cells.
  • Birth of Dolly, the first cloned animal from an adult somatic cell.
  • Successful application of nuclear transfer techniques in sheep and cattle using ex vivo donor cells.

Conclusions:

  • Mammalian nuclear transfer technology has matured significantly.
  • The use of differentiated and adult somatic cells has been validated.
  • Nuclear transfer is a reproducible technique in multiple mammalian species.