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Updated: Aug 15, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
Published on: February 9, 2021
[Calcium oxalate stones and hyperoxaluria. What is certain? What is new?]
M Straub1, R E Hautmann, A Hesse
1Arbeitsgruppe Harnsteine, Abteilung Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum, Ulm. michael.straub@medizin.uni-ulm.de
Abstract:
Approximately 4 million Germans suffer from stone disease. In the majority of cases (70-75%) it is calcium oxalate. Its pathophysiology is complex and comprises disorders such as hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, hyperuricosuria, and hypomagnesuria. These biochemical changes in urine are well known as "classic" risk factors of calcium oxalate stone formation. However, studies in the last decade showed that calcium oxalate stones are strongly related with other diseases or disorders such as overweight, hypertension, or a lack of oxalate-degrading bacteria in the gut. The evidence for these "new" risk factors in the literature is very strong. It is particularly important in regard to effective treatment and aftercare of patients with calcium oxalate stones to be familiar with both the "classic" and the new risk factors.
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