Azepanone-based inhibitors of human cathepsin L

The extension of a previously reported cathepsin K azepanone-based inhibitor template to the design and synthesis of potent and selective inhibitors of the homologous cysteine protease cathepsin L is detailed. Structure-activity studies examining the effect of inhibitor selectivity as a function of the P3 and P2 binding elements of the potent cathepsin K inhibitor 1 revealed that incorporation of either a P3 quinoline-8-carboxamide or a naphthylene-1-carboxamide led to increased selectivity for cathepsin L over cathepsin K. Substitution of the P2 leucine of 1 with either a phenylalanine or a beta-naphthylalanine also resulted in an increased selectivity for cathepsin L over cathepsin K. Molecular modeling studies with the inhibitors docked within the active sites of both cathepsins L and K have rationalized the observed selectivities. Optimization of cathepsin L binding by the combination of the P3 naphthylene-1-carboxamide with the P2 beta-naphthylalanine provided 15, which is a potent, selective, and competitive inhibitor of human cathepsin L with a K(i) = 0.43 nM.