Kinetics and template nucleation of self-assembled hydroxyapatite nanocrystallites by chondroitin sulfate

Biomineralization is an important process, which is often assisted by biomolecules. In this paper, the effect of chondroitin sulfate on the crystallization of hydroxyapatite was examined quantitatively based on a generic heterogeneous nucleation model. It is found that chondroitin sulfate can suppress the supersaturation-driven interfacial structure mismatch between the hydroxyapatite crystal and the substrate and promote the formation of ordered hydroxyapatite nanocrystallite assemblies. The nucleation mechanism of self-aligned hydroxyapatite nanocrystallites was examined from the viewpoints of kinetics and interfacial structure and properties, which contributes to an understanding of the fundamentals of biomineralization of self-assembled structures. The results obtained from this study will provide a basic principle to design and fabricate highly orderly organic-inorganic hybrid materials.