From ultrathin capsules to biaqueous vesicles
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Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes for the Entrapment of Bioactive Hydrophilic Globular Proteins
Published on: August 31, 2019
Ajay J Khopade1, N Arulsudar, Surekha A Khopade
1Sun Pharma Advanced Research Centre,Tandalja, Baroda 390 020, Gujarat, India. ajkhopade@sunpharma.com
Abstract:
The layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption of anionic polyelectrolytes (PE) and tobramycin sulfate (TbS) multilayers on zinc oxide core particles followed by the controlled core-removal process leads to the formation of ultrathin capsules, which gradually convert to biaqueous vesicles and emulsionlike systems depending on the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the PE backbone, PE/TbS ratio, and Zn2+ concentration. The unique characteristics of the PE/TbS multilayer capsules result because of the formation of PE/TbS/H2O biphasic liquid systems unlike the other LbL capsular systems that form stiff PE coacervates when mixed together in water. This paper investigates the PE/TbS ultrathin capsule to biaqueous vesicle transition and its physicochemical properties.
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