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Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
Published on: October 16, 2013
Population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of anesthetics
1Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. e.olofsen@lumc.nl
Abstract:
In this article we review how population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling has evolved in the specialty of anesthesiology, how anesthesiology benefited from the mixed-effects approach, and which features of modeling need careful attention. Key articles from the anesthesiology literature are selected to discuss the modeling of typical anesthesiological PD end points, such as level of consciousness and analgesia, interactions between hypnotics and analgesics, estimation with poor and sometimes rich data sets from populations of various sizes, covariate detection, covariances between random effects, and Bayesian forecasting.
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