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Related Concept Videos

Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings01:29

Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings

Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or inconsistent. For...

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The inverted cucurbit[n]uril family.

Lyle Isaacs1, Sang-Kyu Park, Simin Liu

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. LIsaacs@umd.edu

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 22, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Researchers isolated and characterized inverted cucurbiturils (iCB[n]), revealing their role as intermediates in cucurbituril formation and unique recognition properties due to their dipole moment.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Cucurbiturils (CB[n]) are macrocyclic host molecules with diverse applications.
  • Understanding the formation mechanism and properties of CB[n] is crucial for their development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and characterize novel diastereomers of cucurbiturils, specifically inverted cucurbiturils (iCB[6] and iCB[7]).
  • To investigate the role of these inverted cucurbiturils in the overall mechanism of CB[n] formation.
  • To explore the unique properties and recognition behaviors conferred by the inverted glycoluril unit.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of iCB[6] and iCB[7] using spectroscopic and analytical techniques.
  • Product resubmission experiments to elucidate the mechanistic role of iCB[n].
  • Evaluation of recognition behavior and cavity properties of iCB[n] compared to their diastereomers.

Main Results:

  • Successful isolation and characterization of iCB[6] and iCB[7], diastereomers of CB[6] and CB[7] with a single inverted glycoluril unit.
  • Product resubmission experiments confirmed that inverted CB[n] are key intermediates in CB[n] formation.
  • Inverted cucurbiturils exhibit a permanent dipole moment, are slightly smaller than their diastereomers, and display distinct guest selectivity.
  • The inverted structure allows iCB[n] to directly report on the contents of their hydrophobic cavity.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of inverted cucurbiturils provides critical insights into the mechanism of cucurbituril synthesis.
  • The unique structural and electronic properties of iCB[n] open new avenues for host-guest chemistry and sensing applications.
  • iCB[n] represent a novel class of macrocyclic hosts with tunable recognition capabilities.