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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions
Published on: August 26, 2021
Rotary motor powered by stochastic uncorrelated dipoles
Cheng-Hung Chang1, Tian Yow Tsong
1Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
Abstract:
It is demonstrated that the stochastic back-and-forth vibrations of uncorrelated dipoles may lead to rotation of their ambient dipoles. This peculiar phenomenon is clarified by considering spatial and temporal symmetry breakings. The former asymmetry is the result of the multiple biased Hamiltonian vector fields, which is a ratchet effect, and the latter, of the time sequence specified by a metastable state. Since this driving mechanism is simpler than that of F0F1ATPase, it could benefit the design of nanometer scale rotary devices.
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