Cardiovascular issues in hypogonadism and testosterone therapy

A systematic literature search was conducted to investigate the cardiovascular issues related to hypogonadism and testosterone therapy. Vascular cells contain sex steroid hormone receptors. Testosterone can exert effects on the vascular wall, either by itself or through aromatization as estrogen. Hypogonadism is associated with central obesity; insulin resistance; low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL); high cholesterol levels; and high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator-1. Some observational studies show a correlation between low testosterone and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and others show no correlation. Interventional studies do not reveal a direct long-term relation between testosterone therapy and CVD. Short-term data suggest cardiovascular benefits of testosterone. Testosterone therapy has beneficial and deleterious effects on cardiovascular risk factors. It improves insulin sensitivity, central obesity, and lowers total cholesterol and LDL. In some studies, testosterone therapy has an HDL-lowering effect, and in other studies this effect is insignificant. This should not be assumed to be atherogenic because it might be related to reverse cholesterol transport and effects on the HDL(3) subfraction. The cardiovascular effects of testosterone therapy may be neutral to beneficial. There is no contraindication for testosterone therapy in men with CVD and diagnosed hypogonadism with or without erectile dysfunction. Caution should be exercised regarding occasional increases in hematocrit levels, especially in patients with congestive heart failure. Conversely, evidence does not support testosterone therapy in aging men for the purpose of cardiovascular benefit, despite claims to this effect. Further research on the cardiovascular benefits and risks of testosterone is strongly recommended.