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Updated: Aug 13, 2026

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Published on: June 14, 2019
Does retrieval fluency contribute to the underconfidence-with-practice effect?
Michael J Serra1, John Dunlosky
1Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
Abstract:
Judgments of learning (JOLs) made during multiple study-test trials underestimate increases in recall performance across those trials, an effect that has been dubbed the underconfidence-with-practice (UWP) effect. In 3 experiments, the authors examined the contribution of retrieval fluency to the UWP effect for immediate and delayed JOLs. The UWP effect was demonstrated with reliable underconfidence on Trial 2 occurring for both kinds of JOL. However, in contrast to a retrieval-fluency hypothesis, fine-grained analyses indicated that the reliance of JOLs on retrieval fluency contributed minimally to the UWP effect. Our discussion focuses on the status of the retrieval-fluency hypothesis for the UWP effect.
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