Skin impedance measurements using simple and compound electrodes

We have studied the effect of the electrode configuration on the measurement of body impedance and found that the electrode configuration greatly affects the impedance measurement using the four-electrode method. We studied the characteristics of the compound electrode and found that the compound electrode provides the four-electrode method in a compact form. A new method of measuring the skin impedance using simple electrodes at low frequencies was developed. At high frequencies where the effect of internal tissue impedance is not negligible, we used the compensation method using compound electrodes, because they measure the voltage right under the skin. At 50 kHz, we measured the real part of the skin impedance of less than 80 omega on the thorax. We propose a simple instrument which can measure accurate skin impedance at various frequencies.