Water immiscible ionic liquids as solvents for whole cell biocatalysis

Whole cell biocatalysis can effectively be used for the production of enantiomerically pure compounds, but efficiency is often low. Toxicity and poor solubility of substrates and products are the main obstacles. In this study, water immiscible ionic liquids are shown to have no damaging effects on the cell membranes of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, they can be used as biocompatible solvents for microbial biotransformations exemplified by an increase in yield of chiral alcohol synthesis. As key point to the success of these processes, the distribution ratio of the reactants between the ionic liquid and the aqueous phase was identified. The use of ionic liquids as substrate reservoir and in situ extracting agent for the asymmetric reduction of various ketones resulted in an increase of chemical yield from <50% to 80-90% in simple batch processes. (R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol was produced at a higher initial reaction rate in the biphasic system (>50 microM s(-1) L(-1)) compared to the aqueous system. This result demonstrates that good mass transfer rates can be obtained despite the relatively high viscosity of ionic liquids.