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GTPases and their Regulation

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒ small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Analyzing the Function of Small GTPases by Microinjection of Plasmids into Polarized Epithelial Cells

Analyzing the Function of Small GTPases by Microinjection of Plasmids into Polarized Epithelial Cells

Published on: May 31, 2011

Microinjection as a tool to explore small GTPase function.

Brian Storrie¹

¹Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA.

Methods in Enzymology

|January 18, 2006

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microinjection directly delivers molecules into cells, bypassing the plasma membrane. This method is crucial for studying small GTPases involved in membrane trafficking between the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Analyzing the Function of Small GTPases by Microinjection of Plasmids into Polarized Epithelial Cells

Analyzing the Function of Small GTPases by Microinjection of Plasmids into Polarized Epithelial Cells

Published on: May 31, 2011

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Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: November 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

The plasma membrane presents a barrier to introducing charged or large molecules into cells.
Understanding cellular processes like membrane trafficking requires methods to deliver molecules intracellularly.

Purpose of the Study:

To detail the microinjection technique for introducing molecules into cells.
To demonstrate the application of microinjection in studying small GTPases involved in membrane trafficking.

Main Methods:

Utilizing capillary micropipettes for direct insertion into cells.
Applying pressure to transfer aqueous solutions into the cytosol or nucleus.
Employing semiautomated equipment for capillary microinjection.

Main Results:

Successfully introduced molecules into cells, overcoming the plasma membrane barrier.
Demonstrated the functional study of Sar1, ARF, and rab family small GTPases using microinjection.
Provided detailed protocols for reproducible microinjection experiments.

Conclusions:

Microinjection is an effective technique for delivering molecules into cellular compartments.
The principles of microinjection are broadly applicable to studying various small GTPases and their roles in membrane trafficking.