Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 13, 2026
In Vivo Intracellular Recording of Type-Identified Rat Spinal Motoneurons During Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation
Published on: May 11, 2020
Direct current stimulation for spine fusion in a nicotine exposure model
John C France1, Timothy L Norman, Matthew M Buchanan
1Department of Orthopaedics, Musculoskeletal Research Center, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA.
Background Context:
Decreased effectiveness in spinal fusion procedures in patients who smoke before, during, or after the operation has been noted in several clinical studies. In previous work, direct current (DC) electrical stimulation has been shown to enhance inter-transverse process fusion in a rabbit model.
Purpose:
To test the efficacy of DC stimulation on bone healing in spinal fusion in rabbits exposed to nicotine.
Study Design/Setting:
A randomized and controlled interventional study.
Methods:
Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits received a single level posterolateral, inter-transverse process fusion with autologous iliac crest bone. One group (control) acted as a control without nicotine or electrical stimulation. A second group (Nic) received a continuous dose of nicotine via a transdermal patch to simulate a heavy smoker, and a third group, nicotine/stimulator group (Nic/Stim), additionally received a 100-microamp DC stimulator. The fusion masses (L5-L6) and the adjacent unfused control segment (L4-L5) were evaluated radiographically, manually, and biomechanically.
Results:
The Nic group showed significantly higher fusion rate compared with the control group. The Nic/Stim group also demonstrated significantly higher fusion rate and X-ray trabeculation compared with the control group. However, the Nic/Stim group was not significantly higher than the Nic group in fusion rate or X-ray trabeculation.
Conclusions:
Nicotine significantly improved fusion rate compared with controls, and DC stimulation significantly increased X-ray trabeculation of nicotine treated rabbits compared with controls.
