Toward a better understanding of calcium intake: behavioral change perspectives

This paper reviews what is currently known about the determinants of calcium intake. The paper focuses on findings from 3 studies conducted from 1994 to 2000 to examine the determinants of calcium intake among women at midlife. These 3 studies used the precaution adoption process model as a theoretical framework. Findings from other studies that have examined the determinants of calcium intake using different theoretical frameworks in different population groups are also presented. The findings reviewed suggest that there is a high level of awareness among women that consuming an inadequate amount of calcium increases their risk of developing osteoporosis but that this awareness is not being translated into long-lasting behavior change. Even when individuals are interested in increasing their calcium intake, perceived barriers often appear to prevent them from acting or lead to recidivism. Thus, in working with patients, clinicians should solicit patient concerns about trying to increase their calcium intake and barriers that the patient has experienced in the past or may anticipate in the future. In addition, this review notes a glaring lack of research concerning calcium intake among men and members of ethnic minorities and calls for future research focusing on more diverse populations.