T regulatory cells and the control of allergic disease

Allergic diseases are caused by the induction of T helper (Th)2 cells and IgE responses specific for common environmental antigens (allergens) in susceptible individuals. There is increasing interest in the role of both naturally occurring and induced regulatory T cell (Treg) populations in preventing these inappropriate immune responses and the underlying sensitisation to allergens. Current evidence suggests that Tregs may actively prevent Th2 responses to allergens occurring in healthy non-atopic individuals and that their function may be impaired in allergic patients. Evidence that existing therapies may act by modulating Treg function is reviewed. Future research aims to understand the mechanisms involved in the generation and function of allergen-specific Tregs. A primary aim is to promote the development of optimised therapeutic regimens with the capacity to provide long-lasting, allergen-specific, inhibitory mechanisms at the time and site of allergen challenge.