Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 11, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
Published on: August 28, 2020
Nocturia: "do the math"
1Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA. Urojock@aol.com
Purpose:
We reviewed the definition and etiologies of nocturia, offering the current diagnostic procedures and standards of care.
Materials And Methods:
We reviewed recent published literature regarding nocturia, along with current paradigms for diagnosis and management.
Results:
Nocturia is common as a limited occurrence but troublesome if the patient regularly experiences more than 2 episodes during sleep hours. The 4 principle etiologies associated with nocturia (nocturnal polyuria, decreased nocturnal bladder capacity, mixed polyuria, and global polyuria) may be easily differentiated through mathematical analysis of a 24-hour bladder diary.
Conclusions:
Nocturia is highly treatable in many patients. Identification of the precise type and its cause enable clinicians to minimize the inconvenience and sleep deprivation associated with nocturia.
Related Concept Videos
Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry
The Quotient Rule
The Micturition Reflex
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Determination of Renal Drug Clearance: Graphical and Midpoint Methods
The graphical method involves plotting the rate of drug excretion in urine against the plasma drug concentration. By analyzing the graph, the clearance can be calculated and obtained. Drugs rapidly excreted by the kidneys exhibit a...
Sleep-Wake Cycles
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Fundamental Mathematical Principles in Pharmacokinetics: Mathematical Expressions and Units
One significant application of mathematics in pharmacokinetics is the characterization of drug distribution through the volume of distribution...
