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Age-related change in executive function: developmental trends and a latent variable analysis.

Mariëtte Huizinga1, Conor V Dolan, Maurits W van der Molen

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.huizinga@uva.nl

Neuropsychologia
|March 11, 2006
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Summary

Executive function (EF) components like working memory and shifting continue developing through adolescence and young adulthood, with working memory significantly impacting complex task performance across age groups.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuropsychology

Background:

  • Executive functions (EF) are crucial higher-order cognitive processes.
  • Understanding the developmental trajectories of EF components is vital for cognitive development research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental paths of Working Memory, Shifting, and Inhibition.
  • To examine the relationship between basic EF tasks and complex neuropsychological tasks (WCST, ToL).

Main Methods:

  • Four age groups (7, 11, 15, 21 years) completed nine basic EF tasks and two complex tasks (WCST, ToL).
  • Analyses included (co)variance to assess developmental trends and confirmatory factor analysis to identify latent EF variables.
  • Regression analyses determined the contribution of EF components to complex task performance.

Main Results:

  • EF development extends into adolescence and young adulthood.
  • Confirmatory factor analysis identified latent Working Memory and Shifting factors, but not Inhibition.
  • Working Memory showed the strongest contribution to Wisconsin Card Sorting Task performance across all ages.

Conclusions:

  • Different EF components develop at distinct rates.
  • Recognizing both the unity and diversity of EF components is essential for studying EF development.