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Updated: Aug 10, 2026

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
Published on: May 10, 2017
Drug therapy of trigeminal neuralgia
Sergio Canavero1, Vincenzo Bonicalzi
1Turin Advanced Neuromodulation Group, Cso Einaudi 2 10128, Turin, Italy. solara@infinito.it
Abstract:
Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain syndrome of still unestablished origin. Its diagnosis depends on clinical grounds. Drug therapy initially helps a great majority of patients. The choice of drugs is quite large, but truly effective compounds with a tolerable side effect profile remain few. Carbamazepine (or oxcarbazepine) and lamotrigine appear to be the most effective, followed by baclofen. Several patients require further nonpharmacological treatment for which no evidence-based recommendation is possible. In the future, neuromodulation may be brought to bear, as in other chronic pain syndromes.
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