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Updated: Aug 9, 2026
Establishment and Evaluation of a Sheep Model of Full-thickness Osteochondral Defect
Published on: April 14, 2026
The structural properties of an osteochondral cylinder graft-recipient construct on autologous osteochondral
Noriyoshi Nakaji1, Hiroyuki Fujioka, Issei Nagura
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in structural properties of an osteochondral cylinder graft-recipient construct after autologous osteochondral transplantation.
Methods:
A full-thickness cylindrical osteochondral defect (5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) was made on the femoral condyle of a mature female Japanese white rabbit using the Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System (OATS; Arthrex, Naples, FL). The defect was repaired with an osteochondral plug (6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) taken from the contralateral femoral condyle using the OATS. The implanted osteochondral grafts were evaluated immediately after surgery and at postoperative weeks 1, 3, 8, and 12. The stiffness of articular cartilage was analyzed using a tactile sensor system (AXIOM, Fukushima, Japan), which measures stiffness based on changes in resonance frequency when a vibrating tactile sensor touches articular cartilage. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and serial sections were examined microscopically.
Results:
The cartilage stiffness of the graft immediately after surgery was 107,695.1 N/m, which was not statistically different from the normal cartilage stiffness (100,027.5 N/m). The stiffness at postoperative weeks 1, 3, 8, and 12 was 95,386.8, 92,899.3, 95,969.8, and 104,683.7 N/m, respectively. The stiffness at postoperative weeks 1, 3, and 8 was significantly lower than the normal cartilage stiffness and the stiffness at postoperative week 12 was the same as normal cartilage. A new bone formation with an increase of bone trabeculae between the osteochondral cylinder graft and the recipient was observed at postoperative weeks 1, 3, and 8. Thereafter, at postoperative week 12, bone trabeculae decreased to the same level as observed in a normal model due to the progress of bone remodeling.
Conclusions:
The stiffness of articular cartilage of the osteochondral graft was normal at the time the graft was initially placed and at postoperative week 12. However, the stiffness at postoperative weeks 1, 3, and 8 was lower than the normal cartilage stiffness.
Clinical Relevance:
Care should be taken when planning the rehabilitation program at an early phase after osteochondral transplantation.
