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Related Concept Videos

Ideal Solutions or Mixtures01:20

Ideal Solutions or Mixtures

49
From a molecular perspective, an ideal solution is one in which the intermolecular interactions between unlike molecules are, on average, the same as those between like molecules. This is the case for ideal gas mixtures, where the molecules are far apart and do not interact with each other. However, for condensed phases like liquids or solids, the molecules are close together and interact with each other. In an ideal solution, the molecules of different species are so similar to each other that...
49
Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

40
Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
40
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

57
The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
57
Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

50
The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
50
Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

38.8K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

21.2K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
08:55

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

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Conformal solution theory: hard-sphere mixtures.

D Henderson1, P J Leonard

  • 1IBM Research Laboratory, Monterey and Cottle Roads, San Jose, California 95114.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 1, 1971
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Difficulties in conformal solution theory stem from using fixed reference fluids. Choosing a concentration-dependent reference fluid for hard-sphere mixtures significantly improves results by eliminating the first-order term.

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Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Conformal solution theory provides a framework for understanding fluid mixtures.
  • Previous applications faced challenges attributed to the choice of reference fluids.
  • Concentration-independent reference fluids limit the theory's accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine conformal solution theory and identify sources of error.
  • To propose an improved approach for applying conformal solution theory.
  • To validate the proposed method for hard-sphere mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of conformal solution theory.
  • Introduction of concentration-dependent reference fluids.
  • Application to hard-sphere mixtures.

Main Results:

  • Identified concentration-independent reference fluids as a key limitation.
  • Demonstrated that a specific choice of reference fluid eliminates the first-order term.
  • Achieved good results for hard-sphere mixtures using the improved method.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of reference fluid is critical for the success of conformal solution theory.
  • Concentration-dependent reference fluids offer a significant improvement.
  • The proposed method provides accurate predictions for hard-sphere mixtures.