Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 9, 2026

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
Published on: January 20, 2012
Repeated exposure to 20% CO2 challenge and risk for developing panic attacks: a controlled 6- and 12-month follow-up
Jason M Prenoveau1, John P Forsyth, Megan M Kelly
1Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
Abstract:
Among ethical concerns associated with biological challenge procedures is the risk of potentiating panic attacks in otherwise healthy persons who have no history of panic. The aim of the present study was to determine if repeated exposure to 20% CO2 challenge increases the risk of developing panic attacks in a nonclinical sample. One hundred and fifty-five (39.5%) of 392 participants who underwent a 20% CO2 challenge procedure and 51 (63.0%) of 81 controls who breathed only room air were evaluated for panic attacks using the Panic Attack Questionnaire-Revised both at 6 and 12 months after the experiment. The percentage of participants who developed subsequent panic attacks did not differ significantly between the CO2 challenge group and the room air controls. High dose CO2 challenge does not increase the risk of subsequent panic attacks in nonclinical populations; it is a safe paradigm for use in psychopathology research with healthy individuals.
Related Concept Videos
Panic Disorder
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies
Medical History
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features
Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications
Classification of Asthma