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What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added together...
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment
08:39

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment

Published on: October 28, 2022

Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries.

Gabriele C Hegerl1, Thomas J Crowley, William T Hyde

  • 1Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. hegerl@duke.edu

Nature
|April 21, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study refines estimates of climate sensitivity, a key factor in global warming. By integrating historical temperature data, researchers significantly reduced the probability of extreme warming scenarios.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment
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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate Modeling

Background:

  • Future global warming magnitude depends on climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases.
  • The established climate sensitivity range is 1.5-4.5 K for doubled CO2.
  • Observational studies suggest a possibility of higher climate sensitivities (up to 9 K).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To constrain estimates of climate sensitivity using paleoclimate reconstructions.
  • To reconcile instrumental and proxy-based estimates of climate sensitivity.
  • To reduce uncertainty regarding the upper bounds of climate sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized large-ensemble energy balance modeling.
  • Simulated temperature responses to past solar, volcanic, and greenhouse gas forcing.
  • Compared model simulations with Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstructions over centuries.

Main Results:

  • Developed an independent estimate of climate sensitivity consistent with instrumental data.
  • Demonstrated that incorporating proxy reconstructions tightens observational estimates.
  • Combined instrumental and proxy data to narrow the 5-95% climate sensitivity range to 1.5-6.2 K.

Conclusions:

  • The probability of very high climate sensitivity is substantially reduced.
  • Historical temperature reconstructions are crucial for refining climate sensitivity estimates.
  • This research provides a more robust understanding of Earth's climate sensitivity.