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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
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Rab Proteins01:14

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Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Visualizing Intracellular SNARE Trafficking by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
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ARF proteins: roles in membrane traffic and beyond.

Crislyn D'Souza-Schorey1, Philippe Chavrier

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences and the Walther Cancer Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA. cdsouzas@nd.edu

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|April 25, 2006
PubMed
Summary

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are small GTPases crucial for cellular functions. Recent research clarifies the roles of ARF1 and ARF6 in vesicular transport and cell processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are small GTPases essential for regulating vesicular transport and maintaining organelle structure.
  • ARFs function by recruiting coat proteins, influencing phospholipid metabolism, and modulating actin dynamics at cellular membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying ARF protein function in fundamental biological processes.
  • To provide an updated molecular context for the roles of ARF1 and ARF6 in cellular signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in ARF signaling research.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways regulated by ARF1 and ARF6.
  • Integration of findings on ARF protein function in various cellular contexts.

Main Results:

  • ARF proteins are key regulators of vesicular traffic and organelle organization.
  • ARF1 and ARF6 signaling pathways are implicated in diverse cellular functions.
  • Understanding ARF function provides insights into processes like secretion, endocytosis, and cell adhesion.

Conclusions:

  • ARF GTPases play a critical role in fundamental cellular activities.
  • Advances in understanding ARF1 and ARF6 signaling enhance our knowledge of cellular regulation.
  • ARF proteins are central to processes including cell adhesion and tumor invasion.