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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

A structural phase diagram for model aqueous organic nanodroplets.

Jin-Song Li¹, Gerald Wilemski

¹Department of Physics and Cloud and Aerosol Sciences Laboratory, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409-0640, USA.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP

|April 25, 2006

Summary

Density functional theory calculations reveal that aqueous organic nanodroplets form either well-mixed or core-shell structures. The specific structure depends on the metastable binary vapor state, with a transition region allowing both structures simultaneously.

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Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Chemical Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Aqueous organic nanodroplets are crucial in atmospheric chemistry and materials science.
Understanding their structural behavior is key to predicting their properties and interactions.
Previous studies have explored droplet formation, but the phase behavior of binary systems remains complex.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural properties of model aqueous organic nanodroplets using computational methods.
To determine the influence of metastable binary vapor composition on nanodroplet structure.
To map the phase diagram and identify regions where different structures coexist.

Main Methods:

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to model nanodroplet formation.
The study focused on a model system of aqueous organic mixtures.
Phase diagrams were analyzed to understand structural transitions.

Main Results:

DFT calculations predict two primary structures for aqueous organic nanodroplets: well-mixed and core-shell.
The observed structure is contingent upon the specific state of the metastable binary vapor.
A broad transition region exists in the phase diagram where both well-mixed and core-shell structures can form from the same vapor state.

Conclusions:

The structure of aqueous organic nanodroplets is highly sensitive to vapor phase conditions.
The existence of a transition region highlights the complexity of phase behavior in binary systems.
These findings have implications for understanding atmospheric aerosol formation and the design of nanomaterials.