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[Executive function disorders].

O Papazian1, I Alfonso, R J Luzondo

  • 1Departamento de Neurofisiología Clínica, Miami Children's Hospital, Florida, Estados Unidos. oscar.papazian@mch.com

Revista De Neurologia
|April 28, 2006
PubMed
Summary
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Executive functions (EF) involve complex problem-solving processes managed by the prefrontal cortex. Deficits in EF are linked to various neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Context:

  • Executive functions (EF) are crucial for adaptive behavior and problem-solving.
  • These functions are primarily associated with the prefrontal cortex and its interconnected neural networks.
  • Neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine play a key role in prefrontal cortex function.

Purpose:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the development, anatomy, and physiology of executive functions.
  • To explore the neural underpinnings of executive functions in both healthy individuals and those with pathological conditions.
  • To elucidate the multifaceted nature of executive functions, encompassing inhibition, working memory, planning, and self-regulation.

Summary:

  • Executive functions encompass a range of cognitive processes including behavioral inhibition, working memory (verbal and nonverbal), planning, decision-making, and self-monitoring.

Related Experiment Videos

  • The anatomical basis of EF is the prefrontal cortex, with critical neurotransmitter involvement from dopamine and norepinephrine.
  • Disruptions in executive functions are observed in conditions such as ADHD, Tourette syndrome, autism, and traumatic brain injury.

    • Impact:

    • Understanding the neurobiology of EF is vital for diagnosing and treating a spectrum of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
    • This review highlights the intricate relationship between brain structure, neurochemistry, and complex cognitive abilities.
    • Identifying EF deficits can lead to targeted interventions for children and adolescents with conditions like ADHD and autism.