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Related Experiment Videos

Injectable and macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold.

Hockin H K Xu1, Michael D Weir, Elena F Burguera

  • 1Paffenbarger Research Center, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8546, American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA. hockin.xu@nist.gov

Biomaterials
|May 3, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study aimed to develop a calcium phosphate cement scaffold that can be injected into the body and has enough strength to support bone growth. Researchers mixed CPC with a water-soluble porogen called mannitol and added absorbable fibers to improve strength. They found that CPC with up to 40% mannitol could be fully extruded using a moderate force of 10 N. Higher concentrations required more force but reduced extrusion efficiency. The scaffold achieved a flexural strength of 3.2 MPa, similar to existing bone implants. The results suggest that this injectable, macroporous CPC scaffold could be useful in hard-to-reach surgical sites.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical materials engineering
  • Orthopedic implant development
  • Tissue engineering scaffolds

Background:

Bone regeneration strategies rely on scaffolds that can be delivered to complex anatomical sites. Traditional calcium phosphate cements offer osteoconductivity but lack injectability. While macroporous structures improve cell infiltration, they often compromise mechanical strength. Prior research has shown that porogens like mannitol can create pores, but the effect of varying concentrations on injectability remains unclear. No prior work had resolved how fiber content affects extrudability of CPC mixtures. This gap motivated investigations into processing parameters that could balance injectability, porosity, and strength. Existing studies have not fully addressed the interplay between porogen and fiber content in CPC scaffolds. The need for injectable scaffolds in minimally invasive procedures remains unmet. This paper's contribution lies in systematically evaluating how these variables affect scaffold properties. The study introduces a novel approach to tailoring CPC for clinical applications.

Purpose Of The Study:

Keywords:
calcium phosphate cement scaffoldmacroporous bone graftinjectable bone implantosteoconductive material

Frequently Asked Questions

The scaffold achieved a flexural strength of 3.2 MPa, comparable to sintered hydroxyapatite implants.

They measured extrusion efficiency using syringe forces of 10 N and 100 N.

Mannitol is water-soluble, allowing pore formation after cement hardening.

Fibers improve structural integrity during extrusion without compromising injectability.

It approaches the strength of cancellous bone and sintered hydroxyapatite implants.

Related Experiment Videos

The study aimed to develop an injectable, macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold with sufficient strength for orthopedic applications. Researchers focused on optimizing the balance between injectability, porosity, and mechanical strength. They tested how varying porogen content affects extrudability under different forces. The motivation stemmed from the need for scaffolds that can be delivered through minimally invasive techniques. Traditional CPC lacks the injectability required for hard-to-reach surgical sites. By introducing absorbable fibers, the team sought to enhance structural integrity without sacrificing injectability. The objective included determining optimal porogen and fiber concentrations for extrusion. This work addresses a gap in scaffold design for complex anatomical applications.

Main Methods:

The researchers prepared CPC pastes with varying mass fractions of water-soluble mannitol, ranging from 0% to 50%. They also tested different fiber volume fractions from 0% to 7.5%. Extrudability was measured using a syringe force of 10 N and 100 N. The paste was extruded through a syringe, and the amount expelled was recorded. Flexural strength was calculated using a three-point bending test on five samples. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess macroporosity. The study compared extrusion efficiency at different porogen and fiber concentrations. Results were analyzed to determine optimal processing parameters for injectability and strength.

Main Results:

At 0-40% mannitol, CPC was fully extruded with 10 N force; 50% required 100 N but only extruded 66% of the paste. Fiber volume fractions of 0-5% allowed complete extrusion. At 6-7.5%, some fibers remained in the syringe after extrusion. The scaffold achieved a flexural strength of 3.2 MPa (±1.0 MPa), comparable to sintered hydroxyapatite implants. Macroporosity was confirmed via SEM imaging. Higher porogen concentrations increased pore size but reduced injectability. Fiber addition improved structural integrity during extrusion. The optimal balance of porogen and fiber content enabled injectable, macroporous scaffolds.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrated that injectable CPC scaffolds with macroporosity and sufficient strength are achievable. Processing parameters such as porogen and fiber content significantly affect injectability and mechanical properties. At 0-40% mannitol, CPC was fully extrudable with moderate force. Fiber content up to 5% improved extrusion without compromising scaffold integrity. The achieved flexural strength of 3.2 MPa supports potential clinical use. The scaffold design may be suitable for minimally invasive procedures. Authors propose that this approach addresses a clinical need for injectable bone grafts. The findings suggest that tailored processing can optimize scaffold performance.

The scaffold may be useful in minimally invasive procedures where open access is limited.