A Study of Formate Production and Oxidation in Leaf Peroxisomes during Photorespiration

When glycolate was metabolized in peroxisomes isolated from leaves of spinach beet (Beta vulgaris L., var. vulgaris) formate was produced. Although the reaction mixture contained glutamate to facilitate conversion of glycolate to glycine, the rate at which H(2)O(2) became "available" during the oxidation of [1-(14)C]glycolate was sufficient to account for the breakdown of the intermediate [1-(14)C]glyoxylate to formate (C(1) unit) and (14)CO(2). Under aerobic conditions formate production closely paralleled (14)CO(2) release from [1-(14)C]glycolate which was optimal between pH 8.0 and pH 9.0 and was increased 3-fold when the temperature was raised from 25 to 35 C, or when the rate of H(2)O(2) production was increased artificially by addition of an active preparation of fungal glucose oxidase.When [(14)C]formate was added to these preparations it was oxidized directly to (14)CO(2) by the peroxidatic action of peroxisomal catalase; however, the breakdown of formate was slow relative to the rate of formate production. For example, when [(14)C]formate was generated from [2-(14)C]glycolate it was not readily oxidized to (14)CO(2) in these organelles. Because the activity of formate-NAD(+) dehydrogenase in cell-free leaf extracts was low compared with that of formyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase it is suggested that most of the formate produced during glycolate oxidation could be metabolized via the one carbon pool and not oxidized directly to CO(2).At 25 C the rate of release of (14)CO(2) from [2-(14)C]glycolate in leaf discs was 40 to 50% of the rate from [1-(14)C]glycolate. Isonicotinyl hydrazide inhibited (14)CO(2) release from both [1-(14)C]- and [2-(14)C]glycolate; but this inhibitor was more effective in blocking (14)CO(2) release from [2-(14)C]glycolate. It is argued that the oxidation of the methylene carbon group of glycolate does not occur as a direct consequence of formate (C(1) unit) breakdown, but is a product of the further metabolism of formate and glycine, possibly, via serine.