Targeting of large liposomes with lectins increases their binding to plant protoplasts

Soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and concanavalin A were covalently bound by condensation reaction to gangliosides and ceramides incorporated within the bilayer of multilamellar and unilamellar liposomes. These modified liposomes had a much higher affinity for carrot and tobacco protoplasts except when concanavalin A was used.In addition, soybean agglutinin and concanavalin A were attached by ligand-specific binding to liposomes containing cholesterol molecules derivatized with each lectin-specific sugar. This procedure allowed efficient crosslinking of liposomes to protoplasts. The same effect was achieved with soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin when derivatized cholesterol was replaced by gangliosides. The implications of these findings for the liposome-mediated nucleic acid transfer into protoplasts are discussed.