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The anterior cingulate and error avoidance.

Elena Magno1, John J Foxe, Sophie Molholm

  • 1Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. magnoe@tcd.ie

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|May 5, 2006
PubMed
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The anterior cingulate cortex monitors behavior, not just errors. Brain imaging shows it

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is widely implicated in cognitive control, including behavior monitoring, evaluation, and correction.
  • Despite extensive research, its precise functional role, particularly in distinguishing error detection from general monitoring, remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the specific role of the ACC in cognitive control by differentiating its functions in trial monitoring versus error processing.
  • To investigate the neural dissociation between error detection and behavioral adjustment mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to study brain activity during a task.
  • Subjects were given the option to reject trials, allowing for the separation of error-avoidance monitoring from error occurrence.

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  • Brain regions analyzed included the ACC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, and nucleus accumbens.

    • Main Results:

    • ACC and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity were elevated during trial rejection (monitoring/avoidance) but similar for correct and error trials.
    • Bilateral insula showed heightened activity specifically for error trials, indicating an error-specific function.
    • The nucleus accumbens was more active for error trials than for rejected trials, suggesting a role in processing experienced errors.

    Conclusions:

    • The ACC's function extends beyond error detection to a broader evaluative role in on-line behavioral adjustment.
    • This evaluative function is crucial for adapting behavior to avoid potential negative outcomes or losses.
    • A neural dissociation exists, with the ACC involved in proactive adjustment and the insula in reactive error signaling.